Vessels are becoming increasingly complex with integrated digital systems both on board and onshore. This heightens the threat of cyber-attacks and requires an extended risk and safety assessment to improve cyber security resilience, with the aim to continuously ensure the safety of the crew, passengers, and assets. There are various reasons why owners and ship managers need cyber security, including: Digital technologies are increasingly applied to areas like navigation, logistics, and communication, contributing to greater energy efficiencies and reduced emissions. However, with critical infrastructure increasingly connected, it is also being exposed to added risk and uncertainty. The ISM Code, underscored by IMO Resolution MSC.428(98) and introduced in 2021, requires owners, operators, and managers to consider overall cyber risks and to have a cyber-security management system in place. IACS's new unified requirements (URs) for cyber security require owners, yards, and suppliers to build cyber security barriers into their systems and vessels, and ship classification societies to verify it. This applies to all newbuilds after July 1, 2024. Standard insurance contracts often exclude coverage of cyber incidents (CL.380); however, more and more insurance companies are offering to buy back this exclusion if proper cyber security can be proven. Banks may also want to see proof of proper cyber security in order to grant loans for buying or building vessels. Ultimately, ensuring the continuous operation of vessels is paramount.